Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Valorization of tomato pomace: extraction of value-added components by deep eutectic solvents and their application in the formulation of cosmetic emulsions

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been explored as an alternative to hazardous solvents to extract phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was estimate the performance of choline chloride-based DESs regarding the extraction of phenolic compounds of tomato pomace and determination of their antioxidant activity. “Green” choline chloride-based DESs coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction were performed to extract. The solvents were choline chloride:1,2-propanediol (1:2 v/w):water (10% w/w) and choline chloride:lactic acid (1:2 v/w):water (10% w/w).The phytochemical constituents of tomato pomace extracts were verified with a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array detection and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD-MS). The total antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using phosphomolybdenum (PM) method. The redox behavior of tomato pomace extracts was evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry. The DES-based tomato pomace extracts were used as the antioxidant agent to develop a natural cosmetic formulation (colloidal solutions). The ζ-potential, colloidal stability, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity were studied. The antioxidant activity of the cosmetic emulsions has been studied by means of cyclic voltammetry. The tomato pomace extracts contain significant quantity of phenolic acids and flavanols (26–37% of the total compounds). Chlorogenic acid was detected as the main phenolic compound in tomato pomace extracts (ranging from 37.23 to 52.33 μg/g). The total antioxidant power of the extracts varies in the range at 408 to 511.18 μg/g extract. Choline chloride-based DESs have low values of oxidation potentials. Zeta-potential of obtained colloidal solutions (cosmetic formulation) varies from − 0.0102 to − 0.0594 mV indicating the moderate stability of obtained cosmetic emulsions. The following ranking of antioxidants was obtained: cosmetic emulsions with extract obtained by choline chloride:lactic acid deep eutectic solvent > cosmetic emulsions with extract obtained by choline chloride:1,2-propanediol deep eutectic solvent. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the cosmetic emulsions with DES extracts relative to Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans wound pathogens were studied. Thus the DESs could serve as solvents to produce a phenolic-rich tomato extract could be readily applicable to cosmetic formulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Scheme 1
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Availability of data and material

References

  1. Jablonsky M, Skulcova A, Malvis A, Sima J (2018) Extraction of value-added components from food industry based and agro forest biowastes by deep eutectic solvents. J Biotechnol 282:46–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Laufenberg G, Kunz B, Nystroem M (2003) Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: (A) the upgrading concept; (B) practical implementations. Biores Technol 87(2):167–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00167-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Rohm H, Brennan C, Turner C, Günther E, Campbell G (2015) Adding value to fruit processing waste: innovative ways to incorporate fibers from berry pomace in baked and extruded cereal-based foods—a SUSFOOD project. Foods 4(4):690–697. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4040690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Vasyliev G, Vorobyova V, Zhuk T (2020) Raphanus sativus L. extract as a scale and corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in tap water. Journal of Chemistry 2020: 5089758, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5089758

  5. Vasyliev G, Vorobiova V (2019) Rape grist extract (Brassica napus) as a green corrosion inhibitor for water systems. Materials today.Prosseding 6(2):178–186.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.092

  6. Vorobyova V., Skiba M., Chygyrynets’ O (2019) A novel eco-friendly vapor phase corrosion inhibitor of mild steel. Pigment and Resin Technology 48(2):137–147 https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.03.410

  7. Vorobyova V, Chygyrynets’ O, Skiba M, Trus I, Frolenkova S. (2018) Grape pomace extract as green vapor phase corrosion inhibitor. Ch&ChT 12(3):410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.10.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chyhyrynets OE, Fateev YF, Vorobiova VI, Skyba MI (2016) Study of the mechanism of action of the isopropanol extract of rapeseed oil cake on the atmospheric corrosion of copper. Mater Sci 51(5):644–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-016-9886-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vorobyova V, Skiba M (2021) Peach pomace extract as efficient sustainable inhibitor for carbon steel against chloride induced corrosion. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion 7:11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00450-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Vorobyova VI, Skiba MI, Shakun AS and Nahirniak SV (2019) Relationship between the inhibition and antioxidant properties of the plant and biomass wastes extracts – a review. Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib 8 (2):150–178. https://doi.org/10.17675/2305-6894-2019-8-2-1

  11. Wang T, Xu W-J, Wang S-X, Kou P, Wang P, Wang X-Q, Fu Y-J (2017) Integrated and sustainable separation of chlorogenic acid from blueberry leaves by deep eutectic solvents coupled with aqueous two-phase system. Food Bioprod Process 105:205–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cvjetko Bubalo M, Vidović S, Radojčić Redovniković I, Jokić S (2018) New perspective in extraction of plant biologically active compounds by green solvents. Food Bioprod Process 109:52–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ma Y, Li P, Willot J-PS, Zhang W, Ribitsch D, Choi YH, Wang Y (2019) Natural deep eutectic solvents as multifunctional media for the valorisation of agricultural wastes. Chemsuschem. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dai Y., vanSpronsen J., Witkamp G.-J., Verpoorte R., and Choi Y. H., (2013) Natural deep eutectic solvents as new potential media for green technology. AnalyticaChimicaActa 76661–68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.019

  15. Banjare MK, Behera K, Banjare RK, SahuR., Sharma S, Pandey S, and Ghosh KK, (2019) Interaction of ionic liquid with silver nanoparticles: potential application in induced structural changes of globular proteins. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7(13):11088–11100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Banjare MK, Behera K, Kurrey R, Banjare RK, Satnami ML, Pandey S, Ghosh KK (2018) Self-aggregation of bio-surfactants within ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide: a comparative study and potential application in antidepressants drug aggregation. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 199:376–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bangia JK, Singh M, Om H, Behera K, Gulia M (2017) Physicochemical study of nanoemulsions of aqueous cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate and tween 80 with castor, olive and linseed oils from temperature (293.15 to 313.15) K. J Mol Liq 225:758–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pal M, Behera K, Yadav A, Pandey S (2018) Modifying properties of aqueous micellar solutions by external additives: deep eutectic solvent versus its constituents. Chemistry Select 3(44):12652–12660. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201802169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rai R, Kumar V, Pandey S (2014) Aggregation of a model porphyrin within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG): effect of water, PEG molecular weight, ionic liquids, salts, and temperature. Phys Chem ChemPhys 16(16):7263–7273. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00103F

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rai R, Pandey S (2014) Evidence of water-in-ionic liquid microemulsion formation by nonionic surfactant brij-35. Langmuir 30(34):10156–10160. https://doi.org/10.1021/la502174a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ijaz N, Durrani RAIS, Bahadur S (2021) Formulation and characterization of Aloe vera gel and tomato powder containing cream. Acta EcologicaSinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.01.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Opriş O, Soran ML, Lung I et al (2021) Optimization of extraction conditions of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and sun protection factor from Prunusspinosa fruits. Application in sunscreen formulation J IRAN CHEM SOC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02217-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. da Silva MJF, Rodrigues AM, Vieira IRS, Neves GA, Menezes RR, Gonçalves EGR, Pires MCC (2020) Development and characterization of a babassu nut oil-based moisturizing cosmetic emulsion with a high sun protection factor. RSC Adv 10(44):26268–26276. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00647E

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lu Z, Wang J, Gao R, Ye F, Zhao G (2019) Sustainable valorisation of tomato pomace: a comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 86:172–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Allison BJ, Simmons CW (2017) Valorization of tomato pomace by sequential lycopene extraction and anaerobic digestion. Biomass Bioenerg 105:331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.07.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pinela J, Prieto MA, Carvalho AM, Barreiro MF, Oliveira MBPP, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR (2016) Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids and production of antioxidant ingredients from tomato: a nutraceutical-oriented optimization study. Sep Purif Technol 164:114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Calvo MM, Dado D, Santa-Maria G (2007) Influence of extraction with ethanol or ethyl acetate on the yield of lycopene, beta-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene from tomato peel powder. Eur Food Res Technol 224:567–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0335-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Silva YPA, Ferreira TAPC, Jiao G et al (2019) Sustainable approach for lycopene extraction from tomato processing by-product using hydrophobic eutectic solvents. J Food SciTechnol 56:1649–1654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03618-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nagarajan J, Pui Kay H, Krishnamurthy NP, Ramakrishnan NR, Aldawoud TMS, Galanakis CM, Wei OC (2020) Extraction of carotenoids from tomato pomace via water-induced hydrocolloidal complexation biomolecules 10(7):1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10071019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Šojić BP, B, Tomović V, Kocić-Tanackov S, Đurović S, Zeković Z, and Škaljac S, (2020) Tomato pomace extract and organic peppermint essential oil as effective sodium nitrite replacement in cooked pork sausages. Food Chem 330:127202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rajha HN, Mhanna T, El Kantar S, El Khoury A, Louka N, Maroun GR (2019) Innovative process of polyphenols recovery from pomegranate peels by combining green deep eutectic solvents and a new infrared technology. LWT 11:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. García AE, Rodríguez-Juan G-G, Rios JJ, Fernández-Bolaños J (2016) Extraction of phenolic compounds from virgin olive oil by deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Food Chem 197:554–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ming-Zhua G, Qia C., Li-Taob W, Yaoa M, Liana Y, Yan-Yana L, and Yu-Jiea F (2020) A green and integrated strategy for enhanced phenolic compounds extraction from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves by deep eutectic solvent.Microchemical Journal 154:104598 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104598

  34. Ozturk B, Parkinson C, Gonzalez-Miquel M (2018) Extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from orange peel waste using deep eutectic solvents. Sep Purif Technol 206:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Baltacıoğlua H, Baltacıoğlua C, OkurI I, Tanrıvermişa A, Yalıça M (2021) Characterization by FTIR and HPLC and comparison with conventional solvent extraction. Vib Spectrosc 113:103204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2020.103204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Sarno M, Iuliano M (2019) Highly active and stable Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles supporting lipase catalyst for biodiesel production from waste tomato. Appl Surf Sci 474:135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Grassino AN, Halambek J, Djaković S, RimacBrnčić S, Dent M, andZ. Grabarić, (2016) Utilization of tomato peel waste from canning factory as a potential source for pectin production and application as tin corrosion inhibitor". Food Hydrocolloids 52:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.06.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Silva YP, Ferreira TA, Celli GB, Brooks MS (2019) DES based solvent was used to extract lycopene from tomato pomace waste. Optimization of lycopene extraction from tomato processing waste using an eco-friendly ethyl lactate-ethyl acetate solvent: a green valorization approach Waste and Biomass Valorization 10(10):2851–2861

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bubalo MC, Vidović S, Redovniković IR, Jokić S (2018) New perspective in extraction of plant biologically active compounds by green solvents, Food Bioprod. Process 109:52–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sibhatu HK, Jabasingh SA, Yimam A, Ahmed S (2020) Ferulic acid production from brewery spent grains, an agro-industrial waste. LWT 135:110009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ralph N, Walid B, Agnès M, Jérôme B, Marchala L (2021) Production of oil in water emulsions in microchannels at high throughput: Evaluation of emulsions in view of cosmetic, nutraceutical or pharmaceutical applications. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 161:108301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Vasyliev GS, Vorobyova VI, Linyucheva OV (2020) Evaluation of reducing ability and antioxidant activity of fruit pomace extracts by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. J Anal Methods Chem 2020:8869436. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Chandrasekar RK, Priyanka K, Sakhira Sreeprada K, Harshitha K, Haripriya B, Babu MN (2018) Formulation and stability evaluation of natural preservatives in polyherbal skin care cream. Int J Res Dev Pharm Life Sci 7(3):2999–3005

    Google Scholar 

  44. Dai Y, Witkamp GJ, Verpoorte R, Choi YH (2013) Natural deep eutectic solvents as a new extraction media for phenolic metabo-lites in CarthamustinctoriusL. Anal Chem 85(13):6272–6278. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac400432p

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Roselló-Soto E, Martí-Quijal F, Cilla A, Munekata P, Lorenzo J, Remize F, Barba F (2019) Influence of temperature, solvent and pH on the selective extraction of phenolic compounds from tiger nuts by-products: triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS Characterization. Molecules 24(4):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wojeicchowski PJ, Marques C, Igarashi-Mafra L, Coutinho JAP, Mafra MR (2020) Extraction of phenolic compounds from rosemary using choline chloride – based deep eutectic solvents. Sep Purif Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ferreira A, Vecino X, Ferreira D, Cruz JM, Moldes AB, Rodrigues LR (2017) Novel cosmetic formulations containing a biosurfactant from Lactobacillus paracasei. Colloids Surf, B 155:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Li D, Zhao Y, Wang X, Tang H, Wu N, Wu F, Elfalleh W (2019) Effects of (+)-catechin on a rice bran protein oil-in-water emulsion: droplet size, zeta-potential, emulsifying properties, and rheological behavior. Food Hydrocolloids 98:105306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Dima, Cristian; Dima, Stefan (2020). Bioaccessibility study of calcium and vitamin D3 co-microencapsulated in water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions.Food Chemistry, 303(), 125416–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125416

  50. Tian L, Yang K, Zhang S, Yi J, Zhu Z, Decker EA, Mc Clements DJ (2021) Impact of tea polyphenols on the stability of oil-in-water emulsions coated by whey proteins. Food Chem 343:128448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Chu CC, Nyam KL (2020) Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil: application as cosmetic product ingredients. Industrial Crops and Products 156:112871.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112871

  52. Runeman JO, Faergemann LB (2000) Experimental Candida albicans lesions in healthy humans: dependence on skin pH. Acta Derm Venereol 80(6):421–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/000155500300012819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Carranza A, Song K, Soltero-Martínez JFA, Wu Q, Pojman JA, Mota-Morales JD (2016) On the stability and chemorheology of a urea choline chloride deep-eutectic solvent as an internal phase in acrylic high internal phase emulsions. RSC Adv 6(85):81694–81702. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA18931H

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yan Yi SimKar Lin Nyam (2021) Application of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf) leaves extract as skin whitening and anti-aging agents in natural cosmetic prototype, Industrial Crops and Products 167:113491.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113491

  55. Fresneda M, Trujillo-Cayado LA, García MC, Alfaro-Rodriguez MC, Muñoz J (2020) Production of more sustainable emulsions formulated with eco-friendly materials. J Clean Prod 243:118661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z, Wasilewski T, Bujak T, Gaweł-Bęben K, Osika P, &Czerwonka D (2018) Cornus mas L. extract as a multifunctional material for manufacturing cosmetic emulsions. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 16(4) 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30058-x

  57. Ratz-Lyko A, Arct J, Pytkowska K (2011) Methods for evaluation of cosmetic antioxidant capacity. Skin Research and Technology 18(4):421–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00588.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Chauhan L, Gupta S (2021) Creams: a review on classification, preparation methods, evaluation and its applications. JDDT 10(5-s):281–289. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i5-s.4430

  59. Abbasi-Parizad PDN, Adani F, Pepé ST, Pietro S, Scarafoni A, Iametti S, Scaglia B (2020) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of raw and fermented tomato pomace and their correlations with aglycate-polyphenols by Parisa. Antioxidants 9(2):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Abbasi-Parizada P, Patriza DN, Scaglia B, Adani F (2021) Recovery of phenolic compounds from agro-industrial by-products: evaluating antiradical activities and immunomodulatory properties. Food Bioprod Process 127:338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2021.03.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Azabou, S., Louati, I., Ben Taheur, F. et al. Towards sustainable management of tomato pomace through the recovery of valuable compounds and sequential production of low-cost biosorbent. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 39402–39412 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09835-5

  62. Khalaf H. H., Sharoba A. M., El Sadani R. A., Fawzia M. El Nashaby; Elshiemy S. M. (2014) Antioxidant properties of some extracts from gamma irradiated tomato (lycopersicon esculentum l.) pomace. J. Food and Dairy Sci., Mansoura Univ., Vol. 5 (4): 247 - 263, https://doi.org/10.21608/JFDS.2014.52768

  63. Abbasi-Parizad P, De Nisi P, Scaglia B, Scarafoni A, Pilu S, Adani F (2021) Recovery of phenolic compounds from agro-industrial by-products: evaluating antiradical activities and immunomodulatory properties. Food Bioprod Process 127:338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2021.03.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine [grant no. 2403, 2021].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine

    Georgii Vasyliev, Khrokalo Lyudmyla, Kateryna Hladun & Viktoria Vorobyova

  2. Department of Inorganic Materials Technology and Ecology, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine

    Margarita Skiba

Authors
  1. Georgii Vasyliev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Khrokalo Lyudmyla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kateryna Hladun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Margarita Skiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Viktoria Vorobyova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Viktoria Vorobyova: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing — original draft. Georgii Vasyliev: cyclic voltammetry analysis, writing — review and editing draft. Khrokalo Lyudmyla: microbiology analysis. Margarita Skiba: formal analysis.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Viktoria Vorobyova.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Authors agree with ethical standards.

Consent to participate

Authors agree with to participate as author of the article.

Consent for publication

Authors agree publication of the article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• HPLC–DAD-MS analysis confirmed the abundance of phenolic compounds in tomato pomace extracts obtained using DES.

• Antioxidant activity determined by phosphomolybdenum method shows a direct relationship with the used of type of DES for extraction.

• Cosmetic emulsion with the addition of extracts obtained by DES has satisfactory physicochemical characteristics.

• The ability of tomato pomace extracts to influence the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of cosmetic emulsion samples was established.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1773 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vasyliev, G., Lyudmyla, K., Hladun, K. et al. Valorization of tomato pomace: extraction of value-added components by deep eutectic solvents and their application in the formulation of cosmetic emulsions. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12 (Suppl 1), 95–111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02337-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02337-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation