Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the caprylic acid-based oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-assisted extraction of lycopene from tomatoes. Emulsion-assisted extraction was performed using two types of micron-sized O/W emulsions: (a) O/W emulsion with absence or (b) presence of 0.1% (w/w) of Tween 20 emulsifier. This green extraction technique was compared with the conventional method using soybean oil, tributyrin, and caprylic acid. The results show that caprylic acid, a green solvent, is significantly more effective for lycopene recovery than soybean oil and tributyrin. In the absence of an emulsifier, caprylic acid-based O/W emulsion significantly improved the lycopene content by 14.69 mg/g, corresponding to a 98.59% extraction efficiency at 50 ˚C. The capability of the proposed approach to lycopene recovery was explained in terms of lycopene affinity, the ability to swell the tomato cell, and some other standard parameters. In addition, caprylic acid has the significant advantage that once developed with the extracted lycopene can be used directly as a food additive.
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Abbreviations
- O/W emulsion:
-
Oil-in-water emulsion
- w/w:
-
Weight-per-weight basis
- \({C}_{UV}\) :
-
Lycopene content in the extract (mg/mL)
- \(V\) :
-
Volume of total extract (mL)
- \(m\) :
-
Dry weight of tomato powder (g)
- \(Y\) :
-
Yield of lycopene extraction (%)
- \({d}_{\mathrm{4,3}}\) :
-
Volume mean diameter
- D :
-
Distance in Hansen space (MPa0.5)
- δ:
-
Solubility of a molecule
- \(\Delta E\) :
-
Cohesive energy
- \({v}_{m}\) :
-
Molar volume
- \({\delta }_{D}\) :
-
Dispersion-bonding solubility
- \({\delta }_{P},\) :
-
Polar -bonding solubility
- \({\delta }_{H}\) :
-
Hydrogen-bonding solubility
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Acknowledgements
All co-authors are dully acknowledged for their valuable contribution, as follows: KK conceived the idea, carried out the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. SE and NT analyzed the data and edited the manuscript. MSRS analyzed the data. IK designed the experiment. MN designed the experiment and interpreted the results. MAN supervised the work and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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KK experimental design, carried out the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. SE and NT analyzed the data and edited the manuscript. MSRS analyzed the data. IK designed the experiment. MN conceiving the idea, and interpretation of the results. MAN experimental design, supervised the work and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Khadizatul, K., Elshamy, S., Taarji, N. et al. Revisiting lycopene extraction: Caprylic acid-based emulsion for the highest recovery. J Food Sci Technol 59, 4427–4435 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05522-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05522-0