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Simultaneous Extraction of Flavonoid Glycosides and Flavonoid Aglycones from Discarded Apple Branches by Enzyme-assisted Micelle-mediated Extraction with Cloud Point Enrichment Method

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Abstract

Extraction of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones simultaneously by enzyme-assisted micelle-mediated extraction has been proposed in this study. The discarded apple tree branches pruned during winter dormancy were selected as model materials. Extraction of phloretin (flavonoid aglycone) and phlorizin (flavonoid glycoside) from the discarded apple branches by micellar aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants with assistance of enzyme was performed to validate the method. Influencing factors like temperature, pH, time, enzyme concentration, surfactant concentration, solid to liquid ratio, and the ratio of pectinase to cellulase on the extraction yields of phloretin and phlorizin were discussed by single-factor experiments, and the main influencing factors were optimized by response surface methodology using Design-Expert 8.0.6 statistical software according to the Box-Behnken experimental design principle. The interaction of surfactants and enzymes in the extraction process was also investigated. Results indicate that the surfactants increased solubility of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones in water simultaneously; enzymatic hydrolysis increased the diffusion rate of target components to the extraction medium and transformed flavonoid glycosides into flavonoid aglycones at the same time. Therefore, flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones were extracted simultaneously by micellar aqueous solution. The cloud point effect of nonionic surfactants separated the extracting solution into two distinct phases, which results in the concentration of the target component. In addition, the surfactant has low toxicity and volatility, making the extraction process more safe and reliable. Therefore, the process developed in this study provides an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for flavonoid glycoside and aglycone extraction simultaneously.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available in the manuscript and supplementary information.

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2572022CG04), Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program (Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team), the 111 Project (B20088), and Postdoctoral Project of Heilongjiang Province (LBH-Z21002).

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Yuanyuan Li: conceptualization, formal analysis, resources, validation, roles/writing — original draft, writing — review and editing. Qilei Yang: data curation, visualization. Bingxue Liu: data curation, investigation. Yanjie Liu: methodology. Qian Zhang: software. Xiuhua Zhao: formal analysis, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision. Shujun Li: writing — review and editing.

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Correspondence to Shujun Li or Xiuhua Zhao.

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Li, Y., Yang, Q., Liu, B. et al. Simultaneous Extraction of Flavonoid Glycosides and Flavonoid Aglycones from Discarded Apple Branches by Enzyme-assisted Micelle-mediated Extraction with Cloud Point Enrichment Method. Food Bioprocess Technol 16, 857–869 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-022-02973-3

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