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Extraction and encapsulation of bioactive compounds from olive mill pomace: influence of loading content on the physicochemical and structural properties of microparticles

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Abstract

Extraction and encapsulation techniques can be combined to reduce the environmental impact of olive mill pomace (OMP) wastes due to their high content of phenolic compounds with biological properties. In this sense, this study aimed to obtain bioactive compounds from OMP by an optimized two-step solid–liquid extraction, followed by its encapsulation by a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique using ethylcellulose (EC) as a carrier. The bioactive compounds present in OMP extract were quantified by a reserved phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and the major phenolic compound identified was hydroxytyrosol, followed by tyrosol. The OMP extract was encapsulated at two loadings (5 and 10% w/w), and the obtained microparticles were characterized concerning encapsulation efficiency, loading contents, recovery of powders, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, particle size distribution, water absorption index, water solubility index, swelling capacity, and wettability. The microparticles showed high encapsulation yields (above 75%) and high encapsulation efficiencies (above 80%) with a high content of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. FTIR spectrum of microparticles revealed physical interactions between the compounds present in OMP extract and the functional groups of EC, indicating that the main bioactive compounds were intact and encapsulated. Microparticles were thermogravimetrically stable in the range of 30 to 280 °C, and exhibited outstanding granular stability. The results of this study provide perspectives regarding the incorporation of extracts obtained from agricultural residues into microparticles that can be later embedded in added-value products for the food industry.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by: Base Funding—UIDB/00511/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy—LEPABE—funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). Project “HealthyWaters—Identification, Elimination, Social Awareness and Education of Water Chemical and Biological Micropollutants with Health and Environmental Implications”, with reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This work was developed under the doctoral program in Chemical and Biological Engineering (PDEQB) NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000028, co-financed by the Northern Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) through Portugal 2020 and the European Social Fund (ESF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    Filipa Paulo & Lúcia Santos

  2. School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal 449, Santiago de Riba-Ul, 3720-509, Aveiro, Portugal

    Loleny Tavares

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  1. Filipa Paulo
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Paulo, F., Tavares, L. & Santos, L. Extraction and encapsulation of bioactive compounds from olive mill pomace: influence of loading content on the physicochemical and structural properties of microparticles. Food Measure 16, 3077–3094 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01408-z

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