Introduction to Membrane Distillation and Its Application in Emerging Contaminants Removal

Misra, Utkarsh; Nishad, Vartika; P. Singh, Swatantra

doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8367-1_18

Utkarsh Misra⁶,
Vartika Nishad⁷ &
Swatantra P. Singh^6,7,8

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

1079 Accesses

Abstract

Emerging contaminants (ECs) have huge impacts on all living beings, and conventional treatment processes like coagulation, precipitation, and chlorination have limited capability for removal. So, a tertiary and combined treatment process is required. Alternative treatment technologies include adsorption, chemical treatment, and membrane filtration. However, the associated operating cost, ECs rejection, fouling propensity, and by-product formation are some of the drawbacks. Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the promising membrane technologies for emerging contaminants removal. In MD, The vapor pressure difference between the hot feed and cold permeate is a driving force. MD technology has some added advantages like low-pressure requirements, less fouling susceptibility, low-temperature requirements, and only vapor mass transfer, i.e., 100% non-volatile compounds retention. MD employs a low temperature and pressure so fouling is less compact and is easily cleanable. MD technology has been studied for desalination, hypersaline brine treatment, chemical separation and can potentially remove emerging contaminants. The MD technology does not require very high-quality heat; solar heat, waste heat, or cogeneration-based heat utilization is possible. This way, MD can be operated on renewable energy and becomes sustainable and carbon neutral. MD technology has also been integrated with other efficient treatment technologies like Forward Osmosis (FO), Reverse osmosis (RO), and Nanofiltration (NF), providing a leading edge compared to other treatment methods. This chapter elaborates on various available MD technologies, possible materials, configurations, operating parameters, and energy requirements. We have also highlighted future research trends and challenges for MD treatment technology’s sustainable and commercial application.

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Abbreviations

MD:: Membrane distillation
EP:: Emerging pollutants
EC:: Emerging contaminants
USEPA:: United States Environmental Protection Agency
EDHs:: Endocrine-disrupting hormones
PFOS:: Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
PFOA:: Perfluorooctanoic acid
AO:: Advanced oxidation
ED:: Electrodialysis
DCMD:: Direct Contact MD
AGMD:: Air Gap MD
SGMD:: Sweeping Gas MD
VMD:: Vacuum MD
LEP:: Liquid Entry Pressure
NOM:: Natural Organic Matter
BR:: Biological reactor
FO:: Forward Osmosis
EMBR:: Enzymatic Membrane Bioreactor
ROS:: Reactive Oxygen Species
PPCP:: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
SV:: Semi-Volatile
NV:: Non-volatile
ED:: Electrodialysis
TrOCs:: Trace Organic Compounds
DBPs:: Disinfection by-products
PFPeA:: Perfluoropentanoic acid

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The corresponding author acknowledges the funding received from ISRO- IIT(B) SPACE TECHNOLOGY CELL (STC) for carrying out this work.

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Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
Utkarsh Misra & Swatantra P. Singh
Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
Vartika Nishad & Swatantra P. Singh
Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
Swatantra P. Singh

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Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Swatantra P. Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tarun Gupta
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Shihabudheen M. Maliyekkal

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Misra, U., Nishad, V., P. Singh, S. (2022). Introduction to Membrane Distillation and Its Application in Emerging Contaminants Removal. In: P. Singh, S., Agarwal, A.K., Gupta, T., Maliyekkal, S.M. (eds) New Trends in Emerging Environmental Contaminants. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8367-1_18

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