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A Critical Review on Chlorella vulgaris Deconstruction by Green Sequential Extractions: The Potential of (Bio)Surfactant Modifiers

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Abstract

Chlorella vulgaris is a potential sustainable source of lipids, carotenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, as it shows high biomass productivity and easy cultivation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to critically discuss the cultivation and characterization of C. vulgaris, and also the aspects related to the application of green extraction technologies for the recovery of valuable compounds from the algae biomass. As a novelty, this review provided insights concerning scientific trends on sequential extraction methods—biorefinery concepts, and to the use of surfactants as solvent modifiers. It was found that green methods such as Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with \({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}\) can recover 50% of Chlorella vulgaris-based lipids. It is worth noting that no data are available combining SFE with surfactants applied for microalgae extraction, except for the study on dewaxing of grey cotton fabric using SFE-CO2 with a surfactant as modifiers. On the other hand, surfactants were applied as modifieds in other green technologies, such as in the study of hydrothermal lipid-extraction from C. vulgaris, with a positive significant effect of the surfactants (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and methylbenzenethonium chloride) on lipid-extraction yield. Therefore, the use of surfactants and biosurfactants as modifiers on green extraction methods should be deeper investigated, since it is technically and economically feaseble to implement for different extraction methods and can lead to higher yields, mostly with low restrictions of application from health to environment.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract showing outcomes when pulping with wood ash solution.

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Abbreviations

[Omim][OAc]:

1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

2-MeTHF:

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

3_DAPS:

3-(Decyldimethylammonio)-propanesulfonate

ABTS:

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid

ALA:

Alpha-linolenic acid

BBM:

Basal bold medium

BG11:

Blue-green medium

\({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}\) :

Carbon dioxide

C. vulgaris :

Chlorella vulgaris

CGF:

Chlorella growth factor

CPME:

Cyclopentyl methyl ether

CSHD:

Cationic surfactant-based harvesting and cell disruption

CTAB:

Cetrimonium bromide

DCM:

Dichloromethane:methanol

DCW:

Dry cell weight

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPPH:

Antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

DW:

Distilled water

EPA:

Eicosapentaeonic acid

EtOH:

Ethanol

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl esters

FRAP:

Ferric reducing antioxidant power

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

GGE:

Gallons gasoline equivalent

\({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}\) :

Water

His:

Histidine

HLB:

Hydrophilic lipophilic balance

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

IL:

Ionic liquids

kHz:

Kilohertz

LBF:

Liquid biphasic flotation

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Leu:

Leucine

Lys:

Lysine

MAE:

Microwave-assisted extraction

MBC:

Methylbenzenethonium chloride

MELs:

Mannosylerythritol lipids

Met:

Methionine

MTAB:

Myristyltrimethylammonium bromide

MWTPP:

Microwave-assisted three phase partitioning

N_LS:

N-lauroyIsarcosine sodium

NL:

Neutral lipids

NS:

Non-ionic surfactant

NTP:

Nitrogen to protein

O2 :

Oxigen

OS:

Oligomeric surfactant

OVAT:

One-variable-at-a-time

Phe:

Phenylalanine

PLE:

Pressurized liquid extraction

POME:

Palm oil mill effluent

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

PW:

Produced water

Rpm:

Revolutions per minute

SBDS:

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SFE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

SFE-CO2 :

Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide

STAC:

Stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride

TEAC:

Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity

Thr:

Threonine

TPC:

Total phenolic content

TPP:

Three phase partitioning

Tyr:

Tyrosine

UAE:

Ultrasound assisted extraction

US:

Ultrasound

Val:

Valine

W:

Watts

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Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support of Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)—Institutional Program for Internationalization (PRINT), Project Numbers 88887.310560/2018-00 and 88887.310727/2018-00.

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  1. Chemical and Food Engineering Department (EQA), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, ZipCode 476, SC, 88010-970, Florianópolis, Brasil

    Gina Lorena González Hurtado, Sandra Regina Salvador Ferreira & Cristiano José de Andrade

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GG: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing; SRSF: Term, Supervision, Funding acquisition CJA: Term, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Cristiano José de Andrade.

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Hurtado, G.L.G., Ferreira, S.R.S. & de Andrade, C.J. A Critical Review on Chlorella vulgaris Deconstruction by Green Sequential Extractions: The Potential of (Bio)Surfactant Modifiers. Waste Biomass Valor 15, 525–542 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02211-7

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