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Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk by using pressure-driven membrane process

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Abstract

In this study, antioxidant (DPPH and metal chelating), DNA cleavage, biofilm, and antimicrobial properties of extracted phenol from the walnut green husk (WGH) and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated. For maximum phenolic compound extraction from the WGH first, the effects of solvent type (deionized water, methanol, n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol), solvent temperature (25–75 °C), and extraction time (0.5–24 h) were optimized. Then to concentrate phenolic compounds a pressure-driven membrane process was used with four different membrane types. The phenol contents of the concentrate samples were found to be microfiltration (MF) concentrate 4400 mg/L, ultrafiltration (UF) concentrate 4175 mg/L, nanofiltration (NF) concentrate 8155 mg/L, and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate 8100 mg/L. LC-MSMS was used to determine the quantification of phenolic compounds in permeate and concentrate streams. In addition, all of the concentrate samples with high phenol content showed a high antioxidant activity as 100% with MF concentrate, UF concentrate, NF concentrated and RO concentrated. Likewise, concentrate samples were found to have very high antibiofilm activity as 82.86% for NF concentrate againts S. aureus, 85.80% for NF concentrate against P. aureginosa, 80.95% for RO concentrate against S. aureus, and 83.61% for RO-concentrate against P. aureginosa. When the antimicrobial activity of the extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated by micro dilution and disk diffusion methods, it was found that the ability of the concentrate samples to inhibit bacterial growth was much higher than permeate ones. In addition, extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples showed significant DNA nuclease activity.

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Data availability statement

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

DPPH:

2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

MF:

Microfiltration

MIC:

Minimum inhibition concentration

NF:

Nanofiltration

RO:

Reverse osmosis

UF:

Ultrafiltration

WGH:

Walnut green husk

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The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Hudaverdi Arslan & Nadir Dizge

  2. Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational School, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280, Bolu, Turkey

    Eda Ondul Koc

  3. Department of Environmental Protection Technologies, Tarsus University, 33400, Mersin, Turkey

    Yasin Ozay

  4. Marmara Research Center, Environment and Clean Production Institute, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 41470, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Oltan Canli

  5. Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Sadin Ozdemir

  6. Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Gülsah Tollu

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  1. Hudaverdi Arslan
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  2. Eda Ondul Koc
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  3. Yasin Ozay
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Contributions

HA and ND contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and analysis were performed by YO, SO, OC, and GT. YO and EOK wrote the manuscript with support from ND and SO, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nadir Dizge.

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Arslan, H., Ondul Koc, E., Ozay, Y. et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk by using pressure-driven membrane process. J Food Sci Technol 60, 73–83 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05588-w

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